Diabetes mellitus 당뇨병
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma.[4] Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney failure, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes.
Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced.[5] There are three main types of diabetes mellitus:
Type 1 DM results from the pancreas' failure to produce enough insulin. This form was previously referred to as "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes". The cause is unknown.
Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly. As the disease progresses a lack of insulin may also develop. This form was previously referred to as "non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (NIDDM) or "adult-onset diabetes". The primary cause is excessive body weight and not enough exercise.
Gestational diabetes, is the third main form and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop a high blood sugar level.
Prevention and treatment involve a healthy diet, physical exercise, not using tobacco and being a normal body weight. Blood pressure control and proper foot care are also important for people with the disease. Type 1 diabetes must be managed with insulin injections. Type 2 diabetes may be treated with medications with or without insulin.Insulin and some oral medications can cause low blood sugar. Weight loss surgery in those with obesity is an effective measure in those with type 2 DM. Gestational diabetes usually resolves after the birth of the baby.
치료에서 가장 중요한 것은 환자나 보호자가 당뇨병을 충분히 이해하고 전문의의 도움을 받는 것이다. 급성 또는 만성 합병증의 가장 좋은 예방법은 혈당을 철저하게 조절하는 것이다. 고혈압도 가지고 있다면 130/80 mmHg 이하로 조절해 주어야 한다. 처음에는 운동요법, 식이 요법으로 조절하고, 안 되면 약물 복용, 그래도 안 되면 인슐린 주사, 혹은 인공 췌장이나 췌장 이식술 등을 시도할 수 있다. 치료기간 동안 정기적으로 망막 합병증 검사(안저검사) 및 신장 합병증 검사, 콜레스테롤 검사, 족부 검사, 당화혈색소 검사 등을 받아 합병증을 조기에 발견하고 치료해야 한다. 주요 만성 합병증으로는 당뇨병성 망막, 당뇨병성 신부전, 당뇨족, 동맥경화증 등이 있다. 눈의 실명 및 만성 신장부전, 사지절단의 흔한 원인이 바로 당뇨병이다. 고혈압, 뇌졸중, 심장병, 신장병을 악화시킨다.
급성 합병증으로는 당뇨성 혼수를 일으키기도 한다
